Write a paper about Michael Pollan's Food Rules Essay

Compose a paper about Michael Pollan's Food Rules - Essay Example This has created a typical worry among individuals for example to scan for approaches to guarantee good dieting and keeping up a brilliant figure. The book â€Å"Food Rules† by â€Å"Martic Pollan† is altogether different from the regular nourishing aides in that it instructs to control human exercises more than carbohydrate content, that is the focal point of conversation in a large portion of the dietary aides. The book on a very basic level talks about human brain science regarding food. As per Pollan, in spite of the fact that it is a great idea to recognize right food and wrong food, yet a definitive factor that chooses the effect of food on an individual is the correct propensities. The book depends on 64 straightforward and simple to keep decides that one should utilize in regular daily existence from the beginning of the day till its end. For instance, Pollan stresses in-take of a substantial supper in the morning meal, moderate in the lunch and lightest in the supper. Moreover, he recommends never to eat up to the full limit. Pollan accepts that grandmothers can be counseled to learn if a specific food ou ght to be devoured or not. Pollan recommends more in-take of new products of the soil than meat. One ought to eat on the table and not while meandering, driving or staring at the television. Rule No. 58 of Michael Pollan proposes us to â€Å"attend† food. (Dust) says, â€Å"If we eat while were working, or while sitting in front of the TV or driving, we eat thoughtlessly - and thus eat significantly more than we would on the off chance that we were eating at a table.† One ought not eat prepared food. Lousy nourishment can be expended however just the one that is home made. One can eat all the shoddy nourishment and as much as one needs and still be thin and brilliant gave that one realizes where to eat that. No big surprise it sounds minimal ridiculous! To understand this, one would think about what one’s spot of eating has have to do with the impact of food on body, however the connection is exceptionally solid and human brain science clarifies that. When eating is went with another action, one pay’s less consideration regarding the volume of

Prospectus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plan - Assignment Example s is the issue of weakness, which can straightforwardly or in a roundabout way influence the nature and probability of human mistake in the flight work area, particularly with the ongoing business improvements. Exhaustion has an immediate and settled effect on human execution. The motivation behind this paper is to investigate weakness as one of the human factors that prompts mishaps in the avionics business and approaches to moderate its effect through utilization of different relieving factors that ranges from Crew Resource Management (CRM) to the execution of Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs). To control the impacts of weakness in the aeronautics business, weariness the executives components ought to be utilized. These instruments include a procedure that that has three stages: Identifying reasons for exhaustion, perceiving impacts of weakness and in conclusion executing weariness methodologies. Recognizing the reasons for weariness is the initial phase in weakness the board. Having as a top priority the ongoing and ceaseless business advancements, the probability of the flight group weariness might be because of: aggregate rest obligation, unsympathetic turning shift plans, broadened moves and flying hours, circadian misalignment and the need to play out extra ground-based administration (Flight Safety Foundation, 2003). Impacts of exhaustion may ranges from minor blunders to deadly mistakes or significant mishaps. Weariness makes pilots to examine instruments less adequately; it influences their planning activities and capacity to foresee circumstances with the necessary degree of exactness. Executing the adapting methodologies to weariness would gain surprising ground in improving security and proficiency required to decrease and oversee human blunders. With legitimate administration of weakness, we can advance the match among individuals and the frameworks wherein they work, while improving security and execution. These methodologies incorporate; Directing Crew Resource Management (CRM) preparing: The point of this preparation is to teach the group on the constraints of human execution just as to

WordPress Login Tips and Hacks

WordPress Login Tips and Hacks New user of WordPress often face problem to log into their WordPress account. Because it is little bit hard to remember the login URL, even some user forget the login URL and contact with hosting service provider to know the login info which is often time killing task. Without login user can't access into WordPress Dashboard and write new content or any kinds of task. So I will share the different facts to find WordPress login URL that we can log into our account easily. Though this article for Beginner's but essential for all types of WordPress users. How users can directly Login to WordPress account? For using WordPress user have to install it in a hosting service provider. and after installation user will get a login address or URL. However you have to add /signin/, /login/, /admin/ or any kinds of word for login. you can directly access in your WordPress account by visiting below URL: www. your-domain-name.com/admin/ www. your-domain-name.com/wp-admin/ For example: www.bloggerspice.com/signin/ www. bloggerspice.com/login/ www.bloggerspice.com/admin/ All URL will take you in your login page. In some exceptional case you won't able to access login page by this way. It often happen when your hosting site configured with not allowed option. But don't worry you can use the generic login system by visiting the below URL: www.your-domain-name.com/wp-login.php www.your-domain-name.com/login/ For example: www.bloggerspice.com/ wp-login.php www.bloggerspice.com/login/ How to login if WordPress Installed on a sub-domain? Most of the users become confuse If WordPress installed on a sub-domain. So in this case user can access the login page like below: your-sub-domain.example.com/login/ your-sub-domain.example.com/wp-login.php For Example blog.bloggerspice.com/login/ blog.bloggerspice.com/wp-login.php in example I have used blog as sub-domain and bloggerspice is my main domain. So you would be able to login to your sub-domain by following above instruction. However in previously logged in your account and login session expired then you will redirected to login page again. How to Bypass Login by using Remember Me option or Plugin This is often irritating to login by using user name and Password because you have to type same thing repeatedly. But you can bypass WordPress login page by using a simple option. so first enter into login page by using appropriate URL. and write Username and Password. You would see there is a checkbox labeled Remember me. Put tick by clicking on this box during login. in future you will easily bypass login page and it will allow you to directly access the admin area. This trick will work until cleaning your browsers cookie. But this option work for few days so you can also use a Plugin. Most popular Plugin name Always Remember Me and this will help you to always checked Remember Me checkbox on login page and longer auth cookie expiration. You don't have to remember your blog rather your blog will remember you. you can download this WordPress plugin by visiting below link. http://wordpress.org/plugins/always-remember-me/ Hope this article will help you to solve your access problem into your WordPress site. Beside this if you have any idea then you can share with us.

Consumer Preferences Towards Lays Chips - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5507 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Acknowledgment All the thanks to Almighty Allah, Who bestowed us with courage ability to achieve this opportunity. We would like to thank Ms. Zainab Rehman (Course Instructor) for her continuous support and guidance she has rendered for the successful completion of this project. We have collected the data for our research through survey method and questionnaires and we are in no confusion for saying that this activity has enhanced our knowledge about the Research work. It is the result of the efforts of our respected teacher who provided us all the possible directions and information for this purpose. We hereby take this opportunity to thank all those people including our friends and colleagues who have helped us for the successful completion of this project. We express our gratitude’s towards our parents for their encouraging support, incandescent sprit and endurance towards the making of this project. In the end a special thanks to all members who are directly or indirectly associated with the project. Declarations We hereby declare that this â€Å"Research Project† and it is neither as a whole or as part have developed report entirely on the basis of our personal effort, made under the guidance of our project supervisor Ms Zainab Rehman. No portion of this work presented in this dissertation has been submitted in support of any application for any other course of any other degree program or qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning. It is further stated that whole document is as the partial fulfillment for the â€Å"Research† course in B. B. A Degree Program. We understand and transfer the copyright for this material to the department of IMS (City Campus) Multan. DEDICATION â€Å"To Allah Almighty who is the most beneficent and the merciful and who is always with us in our loneliness and in all our difficulties†. AND Our efforts on this report are solely dedicated to our loving and suppo rtive Friends and teachers† Executive Summary: The project purports to decipher the satisfaction level as well as the preferences of consumers pertaining to the trends in snacks industry and the various flavors of Lay’s, a new range of savory snacks launched by Pepsi Co. in Pakistan. We aim to analyze the success, marketability and future growth prospects of Lay’s. Basically we intend to find out the most popular flavor of Lay’s in the market from our sample and consumer trends towards snacks. Snacks are a part of Consumer Convenience/ Packaged Foods segment. Snack is described as a small quantity of food eaten between meals or in place of a meal. Snack food generally comprises bakery products, ready-to-eat mixes, chips, namkeen and other light processed foods Snacks as such are, a very minor part of the food processing industry. Snacks are mostly preferred by children and youngsters to fulfill their appetite for the time being. Of the wide range of sna cks available, potato chips constitute a sizeable segment of the Pakistani snack food industry, according to Pakistan Info line. The potato chip market is generally an unorganized industry. Nearly all potato chip snack products are manufactured and sold locally. There is also no uniform standard for packaging, as there is in Europe, the United States and other more developed regions. Many snack foods are sold loose or packaged in poly-pouches, which may only be folded, or in some cases, stapled closed. As the Pakistani economy continues to grow, and production standards improve, many snack food companies are making significant investments into plant equipment and packaging machinery. Pepsi Foods Ltd. , now known as Frito-Lay Ltd. , produces Pakistans largest snack food manufacturer’s brands, including kukure, Cheetos and Lay`s. Frito Lays story is an example of how American recipes were adjusted to satisfy local tastes. To study the consumer preferences towards snacks a nd the favorability of Lay`s chips, a survey will be conducted in Multan, Pakistan where respondents will be requested to fill a questionnaire. The data will be collected and analyzed to obtain conclusions The report carries an introduction of the company profile, detail of the methodology followed detailed data analysis and the results so obtained with the variety of graphs along with given. History of Lay`s Chips: [pic] Lays is the brand name for a number of potato chip varieties as well as the name of the company that founded the chip brand in 1938. Lays chips are marketed as a division of Frito-Lay, a company owned by PepsiCo Inc. since 1965. Other brands in the Frito-Lay group include Fritos, Doritos, Ruffles, Cheetos and Rold Gold pretzels. In 1932 salesman Herman W. Lay opened a snack food operation in Nashville, Tennessee and, in 1938; he purchased the Atlanta, Georgia potato chip manufacturer â€Å"Barrett Food Company, renaming it H. W. Lay Company. Lay criss-crossed the Southern United States selling the product from the trunk of his car. In 1942, Lay introduced the first continuous potato processor, resulting in the first large-scale production of the product. The business shortened its name to the Lays Company in 1944 and became the first Snack food manufacturer to purchase television commercials, with Bert Lahr as a celebrity spokesman. His signature line, so crisp you can hear the freshness, became the chips first slogan along with de-Lay-sious! As the popular commercials aired during the 1950s, Lays went national in its marketing and was soon supplying product throughout the United States. In 1961, the Frito Company founded by Elmer Doolin and Lays merged to form Frito-Lay Inc. , a snack food giant with combined sales of over $127 million annually, the largest of any manufacturer. Shortly thereafter, Lays introduced its best-known slogan betcha you cant eat just one. Sales of the chips became international, with marketing assisted by a number of celebrity endorsers. In 1965, Frito-Lay merged with the Pepsi Cola Company to form PepsiCo, Inc. and a barbecue version of the chips appeared on grocery shelves. A new formulation of chip was introduced in 1991 that was crisper and kept fresher longer. Shortly thereafter, the company introduced the Wavy Lays products to grocer shelves. In the mid to late 1990s, Lays modified its barbecue chips formula and rebranded it as K. C. Masterpiece, named after a popular sauce, and introduced a lower calorie baked version and a variety that was completely fat-free (Lays WOW chips containing the fat substitute olestra). In the 2000s, kettle cooked brands appeared as did a processed version called Lays Stax that was intended to compete with Pringles, and the company began introducing a variety of additional flavor variations. Frito-Lay products presently control 55% of the United States salty foods marketplace Flavors Except for barbecue-flavor potato chips, which were int roduced no later than 1958, up until the last 20 years, the only flavor of potato chips had been the conventional one. Despite an explosion of new flavors, the unadorned original is still the selection of 81% of consumers. In the United States, Lays offers a number of flavor combinations, in addition to the classic chips. Flavored products in the traditional fried varieties include sour cream Onion, Barbecue, cheddar sour cream, Hidden Valley Ranch, salt vinegar, salt pepper, Flamin Hot, dill pickle, Limon (Lime) and a thicker Deli style chip. Canadian sellers have a number of varied flavors, with curry, ketchup, poutine, pizza, Fire’s Gravy, roast chicken, Smokey bacon, salsa, wasabi, spicy Indian masala and sea salt and pepper brands available. The marketing success of these flavors in Canada sometimes leads to a limited time offering of a flavor to the south, with the dill pickle recently appearing in the United States after a successful run. Interestingly the na me sour cream has got Lays into a lot of confusion in some countries. In India for instance the name was changed to American style cream and onion after consumers reported their discomfort with the idea of sour cream In the baked products, there are classic, barbecue and sour cream onion varieties. The kettle cooked version includes original, sea salt vinegar, mesquite barbecue and jalapeno brands. Wavy Lays have original, hickory barbecue, ranch and Au Gratin flavors while Lays Stax offers original, sour cream onion, cheddar, barbecue, ranch, pizza and salt vinegar. The newest variety, Lays Natural has thick cut barbecue and sea salt brands. The WOW! Brand was rebranded in 2004 as Lays light after the olestra formula was altered and the U. S. Food and Drug Administration allowed removal of warnings about various health consequences of the fat substitute. Outside North America, Lays in Greece and Cyprus are made and packed by Tasty Foods and Carina Snacks LTD, with Mediterran ean flavors which include Feta cheese flavor, Tzatziki flavor, Olive and Tomato, Oregano, Sea Salt Black Pepper and various more. There are hundreds of sub-variations of the Mediterranean line and the company performs. Another flavor sold primarily in southern Asia is called Magic Masala. This flavor is very popular in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Flavors featured in Thailand include Nori Seaweed, Basil, Squid, Spicy Chili Squid, Seafood and Mayonnaise, and Spicy Seafood.. Russia has Lays MAX chips (Chicken, Sour cream Onion, Sour cream Cheese, and Ham cheese flavors) and some international Lays flavors plus Russian Lays flavor Mushrooms Sour cream, Crab and Red caviar. In parts of South America (notably Argentina and Uruguay), Lays flavored products are sold with the Lays Mediterranean label, and include such flavors as ham, tomato and basil, tomato Parmesan, and oregano. In Thailand there is Classic, Sour Cream Onion, Cheese Onion, Mexican Bar-B-Q, and And Japan ese Nori Seaweed. Flavors also come and go usually with an international theme, for example: French Mayonnaise, Balsamic Vinegar and Salt (England), Garlic Soft Shelled Crab (Hong Kong), Soy Sauce, Salmon Teriyaki (Japan), Lobster, Bacon Cheese (America). There are currently 12 regular Lays flavors in Canada, though there are more, available only in certain parts of the country. The flavors available nationwide are the following: Classic (yellow), BarBQ (black), Salt Vinegar (teal), Ketchup (dark red), Wavy Original (red), Dill Pickle (bright green), Smokey Bacon (brown), Sea Salt Pepper (silver), Sour Cream Onion (green), Roast Chicken (light brown) and finally Lightly Salted (bright blue). Frito-Lay and Pepsi Join: In February 1965, the Board of Directors for Frito-lay, Inc. and Pepsi-Cola announced a plan for the merger of the two companies. On June 8, 1965, the merger of Frito-Lay and Pepsi-Cola Company was approved by shareholders of both companies, and a new company called PepsiCo, Inc. was formed. At the time of the merger, Frito-Lay owned 46 manufacturing plants nationwide, had more than 150 distribution centers across the United States, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Frito-Lay Today Today, Frito-Lay has more than fifteen $100 million brands: †¢ LAYS †¢ FRITOS †¢ CHEETOS †¢ BAKEN-ETS †¢ RUFFLES †¢ DORITOS †¢ FUNYUNS †¢ TOSTITOS †¢ BAKED LAYS †¢ SUNCHIPS †¢ MUNCHIES †¢ OBERTO †¢ ROLD GOLD †¢ GRANDMAS †¢ Cookies and Quaker Chewy Bars Lays Flavors in Pakistan †¢ Plain Salted French Cheese †¢ Tomato Tango †¢ Masala Lays brand IN Pakistan: 1. Kurkree 2. Lays 3. Cheetos COMPETITOR ANALYSIS Kolson Business Profile: Ever Since its inception in 1942, as on today, Kolson enjoys the distinction of being one of the Pioneer food manufacturing and processing industries in Pakistan. The name of Kolson is synonymous with dynamic and innovative food produ cts. The Philosophy of the company is based on self-commitments to offer consumers greater choice of exclusive quality products. In doing so, the company has, in true sense, evolved its own marketing style to establish a more effective relationship with consumers. Being a food manufacturing company we understand our responsibility to provide consumer high quality products and selection of best ingredients that add to the nutritional value of our products. The whole range of Kolson products is made by using latest German, Dutch, Swiss and Italian etc latest technology and process to back prime raw materials. The raw materials are procured from the leading available sources in Germany, Denmark, Belgium and Nederland etc. The high quality Pakistani wheat products, procured from select bunch of millers, are pivotal in determining the final outcome of high quality products. Products: Kolson is proud to be the pioneer in Pasta production in Pakistan. More than 50 years back nobody c ould think of Pasta as forming a food habit being an absolutely new food concept for populace of Pakistan. At present company is market leader in Pasta products such as Spaghetti, Macaroni, Lasagne, Noodles and Vermicelli. Kolson also has a leading edge in manufacturing breakfast cereals that are innovative and extremely popular among the consumers of all ages. As company hierarchy enters to the third generation, it befittingly coincides with yet another stunning product, an innovative range of high-class Biscuits. Jam Hearts, Cream Hearts, Katch and Bravo, being sandwich, crackers and traditional bakery biscuits respectively which are already fetching consumers’ recognition appreciation because of its unique and smacking flavor and texture. [pic] Chips and Snacks Products [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] [pic] [pic][pic] Some of the company snacks and chips are not available in the market as crinkle, twinkle and snackers. Strategies As the global economy is taking a di fferent turn in its outlook and demand, Pakistan cannot afford to lag. Kolson is prepared to accept the challenge to be always one step ahead of changes in offing. This is our simple promise to our die-hard and prospective consumers in Pakistan and abroad. Distribution strategy: The company has the intensive distribution strategy for its products. Normally their products specially chips and snacks can easily available in the market everywhere including all kind of general grocery stores to big retail stores even in small roadside shops. Target Market: Kolson brands appeal to an extraordinarily diverse array of consumers. Our consumer segment starts from as young as one year old who starts developing a taste for snacks and goes all the way up to older age people who consume pasta and breakfast cereals as part of their healthy diet. In consumer promotions, designed to enhance the Kolson image, we therefore, try to satisfy the growing needs of all our target segments. Pricing str ategy: As the company is providing its chips and snacks in all sizes and has intensive distribution strategies therefore the prices are low and competing with their competitors on low cost leadership fundament so that every one can buy it easily. Promotional strategy: The company is aggressive in its promotional strategy as they came up with heavy advertisement campaigns and with the noticeable placement in stores and shops. Super Crisp Company profile: Back in 1982 a business firm was created with the vision to cater to the culinary requirements of the taste buds of the Pakistani nation and at the same time to uphold the qualifications, preconditions and specifications set internationally by the ISO 9001. We commenced with the crunchy product of potato chips of high quality under the brand name of â€Å"Super Crisp†. No doubt the name itself is self-explanatory. Super business profile: The company commands the world’s most advanced and sophisticated processing u nit, custom built for Tripple Em by the leading American manufacturer of fully automatic and computerized snack food plants. The packing system has been provided by a leading Japanese manufacturer renowned for its extremely modern accurate computerized weighing and packing machines. The entire processing machinery is housed in a precision-built, centrally air conditioned premises to meet highest hygienic standards. Highly qualified experienced food technologists are employed to run the plant. The company maintains a most modern research and test laboratory to ensure the highest international standards in quality of the products. Quality of raw materials, efforts and efficiency at Tipple Em enables us to provide the best of tastiest snack food items to you. The company offers a range of snack food items to include Potato Chips, Nimko Mix, Peanuts, corn and potato based extruded products. Nation wide availability of the products is made possible by a vast and effective distributi on network. Products Products that are indirectly in competition with Lays Smart chips: Potato Chips [pic] Natural Potato Chips Plain Salted (15gm Rs 10/-) (25 gm Rs 20/-) [pic]Mr Crips Salty (18gm Rs 20) [pic]Mr Crips Spicy (18gm Rs 20) [pic] [pic] Natural Potato Chips Chilli (15 gm Rs 10/-) [pic] (25 gm Rs 20/-) [pic] Chips Salt Vinegar (40 gm Rs 20/-) [pic] Extrusion Product [pic] Catty Chins (12gm Rs 10/-) [pic] Dino (20gm Rs 20/-) [pic] Rings (15gm Rs 10/-) [pic] Wheelo Pop (15gm Rs 10/-) Strategies Distribution strategy: Super crisp is using intensive distribution strategy for its chips. They are available from small roadside shops to all grocery and big retail stores. Its has various flavors in the market which covers all type of taste and it has a strong distribution channel. Pricing Strategy: Super Crisp had places its prices similar to the other competitors with different size of packing. Super Crisp has targeting all age groups with 15gm of 10 rupees and varies to 40 grams with rupees 20. Promotion Strategy: Super Crisp had aggressively when it was launched. They used television commercials as well as billboards for a long period of time. But now the promotion is limited. Problem Statement: What are the factors which constitute for consumer preference towards Lay`s Chips? † Research Objectives: †¢ To study the trends in snacks industry as a part of food processing industry. †¢ To find out what percentage of population likes to eat snacks. †¢ To find out what percentage of population likes to eat Lay`s Chips. †¢ To find out which flavor of Lay`s is most preferred. †¢ To analyze the reason for the popularity of Lay`s as the most preferred snack. †¢ To know the satisfaction level of people who eat Lay`s. †¢ To find out how much people spend on Lay`s snacks weekly. †¢ To find out conclusions to our results. Research Design: Research design is the basic framework which provides guidelines for the re st of research process. It specifies the methods for data collection and data analysis. The need of the research itself determines the methodology and the design of the research. The following are the components of the research design in our case of study: †¢ Correlation Hypothesis Testing (because we find the important variables or factors that contribute their part in varying consumer preferences towards the defined brand). †¢ Applied Research methodology. †¢ Unit of analysis is â€Å"Sample†. Research methodology: Research method is a process which is used to clear the problem faced by manager in order to take managerial decision. This process is used to solve research question. There are few steps of research methodology namely: 1. Problem identification 2. Literature review 3. Hypothesis development and relevant measures 4. Sample design 5. Data collection process 6. Data analysis 7. Conclusion Problem identification: Problem is a hindrance which manage r is facing in order to get good and timely solution. We started our research in order to get solution of problem bout consumption pattern towards snacks mainly Lays. So our research studies revolve around the topic: â€Å"Consumer preferences towards Lays Chips. † This study will be beneficial for Lays Company, marketer and consumers as well. Literature Review: Snacks are a part of Consumer Convenience/ Packaged Foods segment. Snack is described as a small quantity of food eaten between meals or in place of a meal. Snack food generally comprises bakery products, ready-to-eat mixes, chips, namkeen and other light processed foods Snacks as such are, a very minor part of the food processing industry. Snacks are mostly preferred by children and youngsters to fulfill their appetite for the time being. In this report we intended to find out consumers trends towards Lays and its most favorite flavor among consumers. For this purpose, we focused on competitors strategies to analy ze what Lays should do in order to compete and achieve greatest market share. Hypothesis Development: A. Null Hypothesis: â€Å"Consumers don`t prefer Lay`s Chips† B. Alternate Hypothesis: â€Å"Consumers prefer Lay`s Chips† Sample Design: A sample of 50 individuals is selected randomly over a population. Data Collection Process: There are two major techniques for data collection †¢ Primary data †¢ Secondary Data Primary Data: Primary data would be the main source of information in our research. In research it plays a vital role to get to the stated objectives. Selecting an appropriate research tool to collect the accurate and precise primary data is a preliminary precaution in data measurement. For this purpose, we rely on the well formulated questionnaire. As the accuracy and relevance of data gathered depends heavily on the questionnaire, so we put extra efforts in formulating this tool. Making it sure that it spells out many functions relating to th e respondent. Secondary Data: For every research, secondary data collection is very important. Without it, one thrashes out one’s research project. It solves the problem up to some extent even before research. In our research, secondary data is collected through internet and through consultation with our teachers. ANALYSIS OF DATA In order to extract the meaningful information from the data collected an analysis of data is done using pie charts, bar graphs, chi-squares etc. Hypothesis Development Hypothesis # 1 Q # 1 Do people prefer chips over other snacks? Developing Hypothesis Ho: People don`t prefer chips over snacks. HA: People prefer chips over snacks. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi -square |Options |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |41 |25 |16 |256 |10. 24 | |No |9 |25 |-16 |256 |10. 4 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |512 |20. 48 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA Hypothesis # 2 Q # 4 Which flavour of Lay`s chips people like the most? Developing Hypothesis Ho: There is no relationship between Preference and flavor HA: There is relationship between Preference and flavor Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi –square Options |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Plain Salted |17 |12. 5 |4. 5 |20. 25 |1. 62 | |Masala |15 |12. 5 |2. 5 |6. 25 |0. 5 | |Tangy Tomato |10 |12. 5 |-2. 5 |6. 25 |0. 5 | |French Cheese |8 |12. 5 |-4. |20. 25 |1. 62 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |53 |4. 24 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 4-1= 3 Critical Value 7. 82 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject HA and accept Ho. Hypothesis # 3 Q # 6 Do big names attached to the product affect your choice? Developing Hypothesis Ho: Big names attached to the product don`t affect consumer`s choice. HA: Big names attached to the product affect consumer`s choice. Level of Significance 0. 5 Type of Test Chi –square |Options |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |40 |25 |15 |225 |9 | |No |10 |25 |-15 |225 |9 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |450 |18 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 4 Q # 12 Do people think it acquires a good name in the market? Developing Hypothesis Ho: People don`t think it acquires a good name in the market. HA: People think it acquires a good name in the market. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi -square |Options |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |47 |16. 67 |30. 33 |919. 9 |55. 8 | |No |1 |16. 67 |-15. 67 |245. 5 |14. 73 | |Can`t say |2 |16. 67 |-14. 67 |215. 21 |12. 91 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |512 |82. 82 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 3-1= 2 Critical Value 5. 99 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA Hypothesis # 5 Q # 13 Would people suggest others to buy Lay`s chips? Develo ping Hypothesis Ho: People would not suggest others to buy lay`s chips. HA: People would suggest others to buy lay`s chips. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi -square |Options |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |47 |16. 67 |30. 33 |919. 9 |55. 18 | |No |2 |16. 67 |-14. 67 |215. 21 |12. 91 | |Can`t say |1 |16. 7 |-15. 67 |245. 5 |14. 73 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |512 |82. 82 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 3-1= 2 Critical Value 5. 99 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 6 Q # 14 Are people satisfied with the number of flavours it has provided? Developing Hypothesis Ho: People are not satisfied with the no. of flavors it has provided. HA: People are satisfied with the no. of flavors it has provided. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi –square | |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |39 |25 |14 |196 |7. 84 | |No |11 |25 |-14 |196 |7. 84 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |392 |15. 68 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 -1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 7 Q # 15 Should Lay`s come up with more flavours? Developing Hypothesis Ho: Lay`s should not come up with more flavors. HA: Lay`s should not come up with more flavors. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi –square | |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |32 |25 |7 |49 |1. 6 | |No |18 |25 |-7 |49 |1. 96 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |98 |3. 92 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 8 Q # 17 Does Lay`s come in a junk food category? Developing Hypothesis Ho: Lay`s come in junk food category. HA: Lay`s doesn’t comes in junk food category. Level of Significance . 05 Type of Test Chi –square | |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |9 |25 |-16 |256 |10. 24 | |No |41 |25 |16 |256 |10. 24 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |512 |20. 28 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 9 Q # 18 Do people think Lay`s chips are healthy to consume? Developing Hypothesis Ho: Lay`s chips are not healthy to consume. HA: Lay`s chips are not healthy to consume. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi –square | |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |44 |25 |19 |361 |14. 4 | |No |06 |25 |-19 |361 |14. 44 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |722 |28. 88 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 10 Q # 21 Are Lay`s chips easily available in your area? Developing Hypothesis Ho: Lay`s chips are not easily available. HA: Lay`s chips are easily available. Level of Significance . 05 Type of Test Chi –square | |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |44 |25 |19 |361 |14. 44 | |No |06 |25 |-19 |361 |14. 44 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |722 |28. 88 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Hypothesis # 11 Q # 22 Would people like to entertain their guests with Lay`s Chips? Developing Hypothesis Ho: People would not like to entertain their guests with Lay`s chips. HA: People would like to entertain their guests with Lay`s chips.. Level of Significance 0. 05 Type of Test Chi –square | |Fo |Fe |Fo-Fe |(Fo-Fe)2 |(Fo-Fe)2/Fe | |Yes |46 |25 |21 |441 |17. 4 | |No |04 |25 |-21 |441 |17. 64 | |Total |50 |50 |0 |822 |35. 28 | Degree of Freedom DF = k-1 2-1= 1 Critical Value 3. 84 Conclusion Calculated value is greater than the critical value so we reject Ho and accept HA. Data Collection †¢ Close ended and open ended Questionnaires from general public. Data Analysis We have collected scientific data from general people, by que stionnaires. After that we have analyzed the data by using statistical tools i. e. averages, percentages and proper graphical presentation of data has been applied. We have chosen the new technique to present the data analyzed through charts and graphs. This will make the whole analysis easy to understand and attractive. Q # 2 When do people prefer snacks time in a day? |Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Morning |2 |4% 4% | |Afternoon |15 |30% |34% | |Evening |32 |64% |98% | |Night |1 |2% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The graphical presentation shows that majority of people prefer snacks in evening. Q # 3 Which chips do people prefer most? The following is the frequency distribution of the people`s preference to the varieties of Lay`s chips. Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Cheetos |6 |12% |12% | |Kurkure |14 |28% |40% | |Lay`s flavored |25 |50% |90% | |Bingo |3 |6% |96% | |Any other |2 |4% |100% | [pic] The graphical presentation shows that majority of people prefer lay`s flavored chips and the second most preferable choice is kurkure chips. Q # 5 On which places it got maximum consumer? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Colleges |17 |34% |34% | |Railway stations |1 |2% |36% | |Bus stops |1 |2% |38% | |Public places |31 |62% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The chart shows that Lay`s got maximum consumers at public places and in colleges. Q # 7 What compels consumers to consume it? |Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Brand Name |7 |14% |14% | |Quality |21 |42% 56% | |Varieties |16 |32% |88% | |Price |6 |12% |100% | |Any other |0 |0% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The graphical presentation shows that most of the people consume the defined product due to its quality and varieties which it offers. Q # 8 How would people rate it as a pro duct? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Excellent |12 |24% |24% | |Good |36 |72% |96% | |Average |2 |4% |100% | |Poor |0 |0% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The graphical presentation shows that most of the people rated the product good. Q # 9 What size of product people prefer the most? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Rs. 05 |8 |16% |16% | |Rs. 10 |34 |68% |84% | |Rs. 20 |8 |16% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The results of the above analysis show that majority of people prefer Lay`s chips pack of Rs. 10. Q # 10 How often people consume the product? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Very often |35 |70% |70% | |Often |9 |18% |88% | |Sometimes |6 |12% |100% | |Rarely |0 |0% |100% | |Never |0 |0% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The results of the analysis show that 70% of people consume the product very often. Q # 11 Which members of the family prefer Lay`s chips? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Children |18 |36% |36% | |Parents |0 |0% |36% | |Grandparents |0 |0% |36% | |All |32 |64% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The results of the analysis show that 64% of the total sample prefers Lay`s chips and out of 100%, 36% children like it. Q # 16 What are the people`s sources regarding the purchase of Lay`s chips? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Advertising |25 |50% |50% | |Live Demonstration |1 |2% |52% | |Retail Outlets |6 |12% |64% | |Home shopping |18 |36% |100% | [pic]The results of the analysis reveal that half of the sample from the population`s information regarding the purchase of the product is advertising. Q # 19 What is the most important thing people look for in a snack? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Taste |12 |24% |24% | |Flavor |11 |22% | 46% | |Health |22 |44% |90% | |Brand Name |5 |10% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] The results of the analysis reveal that majority of people choose snacks because of healthy ingredients in it. Q # 20 Other than the product, what influences people when buying a snack? Options |Frequency |Percentage |Cumulative percentage | |Word of Mouth |7 |14% |14% | |Advertisements |16 |32% |46% | |Offers/discounts |12 |24% |70% | |Sales/service |15 |30% |100% | The GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of this Question is as follows: [pic] Threats to Validity: †¢ Respondents may not give us the exact information in the questionnaire due to the lack of interest. Due to controversial topic respondent may have provided the biased information. Conclusion: This is the report about Lay’s its products and its competitors. Although Lay’s is a leading company in snacks, but there is always a room for improvement. So Lays should improve its quality so that i t can succeed to grasp more consumers’ attention. In this report we intend to identify the consumer trends towards Lays and its competitor’s strategies to improve its market share. In addition Lays Company Should introduces some new flavors in Pakistan which are not currently available here but are available in other countries like in India. We hope you will find this report best for analysis of Lays performance. References: During the research process, besides our practical research, we also have consulted some books about our practical research for the preparation of this report in an effective manner. A list of all references, which has been consulted and the data has been derived from, are given as under: ? Class Notes by Miss Zainab Rehman, during our class lectures ? Field surveys through which data has been collected from different types of questionnaires and different areas of Multan ? https://www. lays. com ? https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lays Appendices: Q1. Do you prefer chips over other snacks? a. Yes b. No Q2. When do you prefer snacks time in a day? a. Morning b. Afternoon c. Eveningd. Night Q3. Which Chips do you prefer? a. Cheetos b. Kurkure c. Lays flavored chips d. Bingo e. Any other Q4. Which flavor do you like most? a. Plain salted b. Masala c. Tangy tomatod. French Cheese Q5. On which places it got maximum consumer? a. In colleges. b. Railway station c. Bus stopd. Public places Q6. Do big names attached to the product affect your choice? a. Yes b. No Q7. What compels you to consume it? a. Brand name b. Quality c. Varietiesd. Price e. Any other Q8. How would you rate as a product? a. Excellentb. Good c. Averaged. Poor Q9. What size you prefer most? a. Rs. 05b. Rs. 10 c. Rs. 20 Q10. How often you consume it? a. Very oftenb. Often c. Sometimesd. Rarely e. Never Q11. Who in your family prefer lays? a. Childrenb. Parents c. Grandparents d. All Q12. Do you think it acquire a good name in the market? a. Yes b. No c. Canâ €˜t say Q13. Would you suggest other person to buy lays chips? a. Yes b. No c. can’t say Q14. Are you satisfied with the number of flavors it has provided? a. Yes b. No Q15. Do you think lays should come up with more flavors? a. Yes b. No Q16. What is your source of information regarding the purchase of it? a. Advertising b. Live demonstration c. Retail outlets d. Home shopping Q17. Does Lays come in a junk food category? a. Yes b. No Q18. Do you think it is healthy to consume? a. Yes . No Q19. What is the most important thing you look for in a snack? a. Taste b. Flavor c. Health d. Brand Name Q20. Other than the product, which of the following most influence you when buying a snack? a. Word of Mouth b. Advertising c. Offers/discounts d. Sales/service Q21. Are Lay`s Chips easily available in your area? a. Yes b. No Q22. Would you like to entertain your guests with Lay`s Chips? a. Yes b. No 3. 84 20. 485 4. 24 7. 82 3. 84 18 82. 82 5. 99 82. 82 5. 99 15. 68 3. 84 3. 92 3. 84 20. 28 3. 84 3. 84 28. 88 28. 88 3. 84 35. 28 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consumer Preferences Towards Lays Chips" essay for you Create order

Degrees of Larceny - 621 Words

D D AC0810 J10V: Online Criminal Investigation Lesson 7 Mandatory Assignment 8_08 The term larceny is believed to originate from the Anglo-French word Larecin, which means theft, and its first known use was in the mid 15th century. The definition, as defined by Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, is â€Å"the unlawful taking of personal property with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it permanently.† In order to have committed the crime of larceny, or theft as it is more commonly referred to; there are five components that usually have to be met. The offender must â€Å"take† an item and have possession of said item, if only momentarily. Even if you come across an item on the ground or left somewhere and do not attempt turn it in or†¦show more content†¦From the previous example it can be seen that if an offender takes something valued at $500; in New York they would be coming petty larceny but in Florida it would be considered grand theft. Using the same two states, when it come to petty larceny/theft, in New York â€Å"a person is guilty of petty larceny when he steals property.† But in Florida in order to have committed petty theft, the amount taken must be valued at between $100 and $300. Not only does the amount needed to commit the crimes vary, but the punishments imposed do also. In most states the crimes of grand and petty larceny are divided into degrees within themselves allowing for jurisdictions to further break down punishments and amounts needed. References: Berg, B. L. (2008). Criminal investigation. (4th ed., pp. 320-321). New York: McGraw Hill. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/larceny, retrieved 28 Jan 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny, retrieved 28 Jan 2012 http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+QUERYDATA=$$PEN155.30$$@TXPEN0155.30+LIST=SEA5+BROWSER=EXPLORER+TOKEN=58487128+TARGET=VIEW, retrieved 28 Jan 2012 http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_StatuteSearch_String=URL=0800-0899/0812/Sections/0812.014.html, retrieved 28Show MoreRelatedNotes On Crimes Against Property1054 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term larceny. Lawmakers began to prohibit and punish the nonviolent taking of another’s property without his or her consent, along with other forms of crimes against property such as burglary, arson, and extortion. Common law describes larceny as the trespassory taking and carrying away of the personal property of another with the intent to permanently deprive that individual of possession of the property. 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Campbell also mentioned that some specific jobs will require an individual to have a master s degree or be working to receive said degree. Furthermore, apart from degrees, this specific career field will require very good communication and people skills as well. Campbell mentions that the most difficult part of his job is explaining to the family why the offender is either going to jail or receiving disciplinary actionsRead MoreThe Globalization of White Collar Crimes: An Inside Look of How Fraud, Embezzlement, Cybercrime, Identity Theft and Forgery A re Increasing World-Wide794 Words   |  4 Pagesembezzlement as â€Å"a crime committed by someone in a position of trust.† embezzlement can be as small as stealing a few bucks from a cash register or as large as stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from a corporate. This would be comparable to theft/larceny. People may say I will never be a victim of embezzlement or why worry that kind of stuff never happens locally around Brevard County. A good case to look at would be the case against Yolanda Serrano. Agent Tim Anliker from the Brevard County SheriffsRead MoreProstitution Should Not Be Legalized: An Opinion Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesmore lucrative than the former, the clientele is generally more affluent, the women generate more funds, and the locations in which they take place are more sumptuous and costly. Street prostitution is frequently enacted by local whores with varying degrees of sanitary health (Carr 201) and often times unattractive physical appeara nces; call girls or escorts generally have verifiable health and tend to be more physically attractive and better dressed. It may be difficult to distinguish a call girl fromRead MoreEssay about Criminal Law and Procedure Jus 331 Chap 8 Quiz1149 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped, personal property generally consisted largely of tangible items. Answer Selected Answer:   True Correct Answer:   True †¢ Question 2 1 out of 1 points Only a few states now have statutes broadening the scope of common-law larceny. Answer Selected Answer:   False Correct Answer:   False †¢ Question 3 1 out of 1 points Sally gave her mechanic a check for $300 in payment for car repairs. The bank dishonored her check because her account balance was less thanRead MoreComputer Fraud And Identity Theft1705 Words   |  7 Pages and if these anti-identity theft measures offer significant protection from sophisticated identity fraud? Introduction Identity theft is legally defined as the assumption of one person s identity, by another for the purposes of fraud, theft or larceny. (Legal Dictionary, Identity Theft) There are five different forms of identity theft; criminal identity theft, financial identity theft, identity cloning, medical identity theft and child identity theft. Criminal identity theft or posing as anotherRead MoreGideons Trumpet Analysis Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pages the judges were very anti-majoritarian, paying more attention to the smaller groups with legitimate claims. In addition, the Supreme Court judges were willing to ignore precedent and institute new just laws, with the help of high policy-making degrees. Life tenure did tend to play a significant role, as federal judges did not have to fear the loss of their seat in the Supreme Court (Cover 22). Decisions could be made that would expand civil liberties for the betterment of society. A prime example

Should the Legal Driving Age Be Raised Essay - 526 Words

The big debate as to whether the legal driving age should be raised to eighteen is an ongoing issue. There are both arguments for and against this matter. Younger drivers, as well as old ones, can cause many life-threatening accidents; therefore, raising the minimum driving age could significantly reduce the number of accidents. The accident rates can be lowered considerably if the legal driving age is bumped up to eighteen. This would mean that no more kids could get hurt or worse, killed in a car accident. Despite the fact that it is illegal in Australia to use your mobile phone whilst driving, as it is a distraction, one in three (34%) of teenagers between the ages of 16-17 have texted whilst driving. Texting and driving at the same†¦show more content†¦Adolescents can be immature, careless and reckless, especially when they’re trying to show off to their other friends. The general public somewhat views eighteen as an appropriate age at which young people grow into adults. As a result, driving should be one of those privileges and responsibilities of being welcomed into adulthood. On the other hand, permitting young people to drive at the same age as they are allowed to consume legal drugs such as alcohol and nicotine surely is a big step in the wrong direction. By agreeing to let young people to have the responsibility to drive without the attraction of illegal drugs, nonetheless, you are giving them an opportunity to learn, first hand, the real risks, threats and enc ounters of driving, hopefully being able to benefit young people make better and more responsible decisions whilst driving. Not only is driving not equal to that of drinking or smoking as it requires an ability test, but those who do drive have to abide to strict laws and registrations. Adolescents are taught how to properly drive cars and have to be able to prove that they can perform to a specific level before they are able to get their licences. 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The Amethyst Initiative, part of Choose Responsibility, is a petition to Congress to rethink the minimum legal drinking age. Several college leaders have signed this petition in the belief that lowering t he minimum legal drinking age will reduce binge drinkingRead MoreEssay about Keeping the Drinking Age at 211662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal age limit of when teens should be able to drink. Having it lowered is controversial because according to prior experiences, data shows that younger age drinking is well known for its fatalities. According to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), on one of the most popular prom nights in 1999, as many as 62 percent of the traffic deaths were alcohol-related (). The most important question is whether or not the drinking age anywhere in the United States should be lowered, raised or ifRead MoreEconomics Intervention and Externalities Essay example939 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluate a measure imposed by the government in order to combat a negative externality. Since the start of January, Netherlands has increased the legal drinking age in the country from 16 years to 18 years (Xuereb). The government simply tried to internalize the externalit ies caused due to drinking, by inflicting a new law that would change the legal drinking age. The government believed that this would be beneficial to the society. The reasons that led to this change were the increased rates of alcoholRead MoreShould the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered? Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagespart 174 years has done very little to change people’s attitudes. 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If anything, lowering the legal drinking age would have a positive impact on the United Sates economy, becauseRead MoreWhen A Person Should Legally Be Considered An Adult1092 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Professor Course Date The question of when a person should legally be considered an adult has remained a contentious debate in both scientific and political circles. Most of the legal bars that have been set are politically inspired, scientific studies in the recent times have shed light to the numerous anomalies that these legal bars of adulthood possess. However, it is common agreement that age is the most convenient parameter in which to measure adulthood and thus makesRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Removed1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal drinking age should be removed because it teaches safe drinking, it removes the taboo around it, and history proves it does not work at 18. Conor Lewis 12-4-15 English 3rd Alcohol. The source of curiosity among young people everywhere. People everywhere, college students, and even some high school students enjoy it. There’s no doubt this nation enjoys alcohol but what about the people who can’t taste it yet? What about those who are considered adults in every way and permitted toRead MoreDo You Really Want to Wait Until You are 18 to Get your Driver ´s License?555 Words   |  3 Pages18 to get your driver’s license? There are some people that think you should wait until your 18 to drive, while on the other hand there are people who think the opposite of that. If the driving age was increased teenagers would not have transportation to their jobs. Parents would have to take their children to their jobs, when it should be the teenager’s responsibility to drive themselves to their jobs. Having the driving age increased would mean less responsibility put onto the shoulders of teens

Information Technology Impact in the Tourism Industry

Question: Discuss about theInformation Technology Impact in the Tourism Industry. Answer: Introduction This industry of tourism was seen as one of the primary sectors of business where functions of business are exclusively using the technologies of the ICT (information and communication technology). The first application that is based on IT and is used worldwide is the computerized systems for reservations. This industry is having e-commerce successful areas because this is mainly based on client oriented and uses various provision and services. ICT will facilitate the integration and also enables the customization of the tourism products that will suit the requirements of the individuals. The operators of the tourism require getting awareness about the modifications and get equipped to take the proactive method, better skill and respond. The tourism operator challenge is to provision the increasingly via IT, localized data and accurate, whilst maintaining tourist relationship. IT is the place which will manage the technology and spans wide area which contains various things like data constructs, programming languages, computer hardware, information systems, computer software and processes. ICT (information and communication technology) will be used not just for an operational purpose, but for strategic and tactical management also. This will empower the tourism enterprises for efficiently directing with the prospective suppliers and clients for achieving the competitive advantages. (Stoddart, 2001) Figure depicts the overview of all players that are involved in the Tourist industry Internet Impact on Tourism With the use of an Internet, the marketers can access the technology for communicating directly and customizing the products with the marketers of smaller target. This Internet is established firmly as the tool for marketing. This is serving as integral part of the mix of marketing that serves as the electronic storefront and distribution channel. Internet is behaving as an interactive medium not like traditional marketing that usually permits one-way communication towards client from marketer. Below we are providing impact of internet based on strategic framework with the help of PEST and PORTERS FIVE FORCE Analysis: PEST Analysis We did analysis on four areas: Legal/Political: The organization of tourism is deploying Internet and IT for the competitive advantages will face various legal risks because of possible violation of privacy and anti-trust laws. Procedures and various policies get created for promoting the understanding of the potential risks. Economic: Internet is impacting the economic changes which contain current fluctuation, inflation, interest rates and economic growth which eliminate the cost advantage of the tourism organization. (Clayton, Criscuolo, 2002) Cultural/Social: Changes in attitude of the clients and demographic changes toward Internet and new Technology will have the direct impact on tourism and internet. Nowadays, clients are becoming more of the advanced and skilled in use of the technology. Technological: Internet and IT have been transformed the tourism product distribution for forming a market-place that is electronic where information access achieved instantly. Consumers and principals will continue for experiencing the interactivity unprecedented. As per technological explosion consequences, the tourism packaging is becoming more of the individualistic, inevitably leading to the certain degree of the disintermediation channel, the procedure which will give new opportunities and threats to all partners of the tourism. Porter's Five Force Analysis New Entrants Threats: New entrants will tend for bringing the substantial resources, desire for gaining the market share and new capacity. As per Rowson and Lashley (2005) suggests that developments of IT, give new opportunities for the operators of tour. For reducing the pricing wars and buyers power the governments policies will entry the distribution sector for such of the controls as limits and license needs on the access to the tools that are technical. (Dogac, Kabak, Laleci, Sinir, Yildiz, Kirbas, Gurcan, 2004) Bargaining the suppliers power: In tourism providers respect Internet will give the global distribution infrastructure and inexpensive delivery for multimedia information that is related to tourism. The Internet will permits firms for skipping the value chain parts. The successful strategy will expand the suppliers website or enter the joint projects the products that are competitive. Bargaining the clients power: The internet supports for accessing the new clients on the global basis and it enables for streamlining the operating process. Daily operations integrating like distribution, marketing and sales. The large tourism majority will present in the system of global distributions. Threats to substitute for Services of products: The agencies of the travel are major substantial to sales of Internet, when it comes for buying the packages of the tourism. Other media source and direct advertising also serve as the informative or promotional mean that will be used for Internet. (Huggins, Izushi, 2002) Bargaining competitors power: The Internet of the competitive environment and the impact on tourism firms identified widely being highly, dynamic and complex segmented. As the organizations are dependent on the resources for environment it will attempt for managing the dependency by maintaining and developing strategies. The Tourism and Internet The Internet relevant to the tourism enables the tourist and consumer knowledge for gathering the information. The use of systems that are based on web use has been grown significantly. In year 1996, the consumers that are suing this system is 3.1 million which got increased to 33.8 million clients by year 1998. It was confirmed that till year 2008, the whole business of tourism using internet systems are 30%. The revenues of travel on Internet have ranked consistently high comparison with other services and goods. Within the industry of tourism the online technologies have impacted significantly on relationships among clients and various operators of the industry, transactions and communications and also among operators and regulators. (Galloway, Mochrie Deakins, 2004) Below are the four important changes the way business was conducted: The shift in power balance among the customers and suppliers because of the increased information availability. Changed information sharing and procedures among and within the organizations Increase new product access and the speed to the market via the Internet For turning the ability into ideas having marketing innovation for the wide customers range, with the decrease of buyer costs of access and search the costs for markets. (Piccoli, 2004) Here, we are discussing the third and fourth factors in details. In the third point it will make essentially the value chain for vertical disintegration as the electronic procedures integration among and within the organizations for achieving it easily. The fourth factor will demonstrate the available extra choices to the entire buyer thus shifting the power of the balance to them. More choices are available for the tourist at the time of buying the products related to travel because it has various choices given for direct marketing and travel agents that are on-line by the airlines. Advantages of Internet IT benefits, are substantial mainly the tourism for the Internet. The advantages will be no longer dependent on the information system of proprietary once the Internet is available as common technology. Below are the main advantages: Normally having greater interoperability levels with the application that are either external or internal Greater service negotiation to get customized and purchased of activities/services Discovery of web services will recognize the packages, enabling holiday and purchased to get constructed The pre-arrangements with supplier respective that are no longer required Improved the collaboration level among the operators of tourism, just for example, among the providers of service and agencies of the travel. (Zipf, 2002) Need of Tourism Information The important elements for such of the requirements of information are: Facilities quality and their prices of standard containing the exchange rates Other of the unique features and seasons of the visit Facilities that are based on entertainment and activities Some of the special features, culture and social customs for the place Availability of the scheduled transport means, road, water, railway and accessibility through air Shopping, restaurant and accommodation facilities Information requirement in the Tourism Information based on geography on climate, landscape, location, etc. Tourists normally require both the dynamic and static information. In contains available facilities, history, attraction features, climate and location, etc. Information about the schedules of bus, train and airlines, tariffs of accommodation units and transport and availability of present facilities and can change frequently. The industry of tourism made up of the three main components, they are: Attraction sector Accommodation sector Transport sector (Baker, Crompton, 2000) Travel Areas Internet used Below are the various areas where an internet will be used in the industry of tourism: Marketing: here we are providing each marketing aspects, containing: promotion via email search marketing engine special website for giving information for specific region newsletter and editorial advertising the product online Systems used for booking: Recent research supports that more than half of the travel will book through online and thus helps in paying with system of real-time Visitor experiences delivery: The operators of tourism will be using this new technology: In the region, link the clients to the experiences like recommending the things for viewing or part of the experience or tour Give various interpretations such as handled devices and mobile phones Deliver the audio tours for the use of on-site via players of MP3 Give on-line primary experience, such as, tasters or web content using experience-driven delivered by online audio Follow-up and client relationship: It contains Satisfaction surveys that are based on customer email Email feedback based on client for improving the products and services The group email lists for getting regular updates ICT used in the Tourism IT uses the stresses unified communication role and integrate the telecommunications, necessary software and middleware, computers, audio-visual systems and storage that enable the users for manipulating the information, transmit, store, access and create. Below are some of the examples that are uses in the Tourism ICT: Managing the tourist statistics Recognizing the suitable tourist locations Managing attraction and sites Inventory of resources based on tourism Managing the destination resources (Kandampully, Duddy, 2009) Future Research Analysis and future research for adoption and development of IT is required and uses the industry of tourism. The ease of information for accessing and depth has been stimulated the new brand emergence for consumers that are travelled. Tourism and travel will be becoming the largest product categories that are sold on Internet. Conclusion It is very beneficial for integrating the appropriate the new IT into entire operation. It is mainly accepted the Internet and IT and should get treated as the tools of strategic than the tactical problems, and concerns for normal management. Also, this technology is not considered as the acting that happens alone. It is the society product, this also contains the part of higher environment which are used at work with other forces. Internet gives affordable and unprecedented opportunities for the marketing and global representation of both the tourism suppliers either small or large. In this paper we will discuss the fields that are related to various technologies of information and tourism that are available for enhancing the present infrastructure for the tourism organization. Here we have provided the name of the technologies used in this sector such as Attraction sector, Accommodation sector and Transport sector. With the help of these sectors, the current situation of the tourism industry can be enhanced tremendously. References Lashley C. and Rowson B. (2005) Getting IT Right, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 17 Issue 1, pp. 94-105 Galloway, L, Mochrie, R Deakins, D (2004), 'ICT-enabled collectivity as a positive rural business strategy', International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 247-59 Stoddart L. (2001) Managing Intranets to Encourage Knowledge Sharing: Opportunities and Constraints, Online Information Review, Vol. 25 Issue 1, pp. 19-29 Clayton, T Criscuolo, C (2002), Electronic commerce and business change, National Statistics, viewed 16 April 2005. Dogac, A, Kabak, Y, Laleci, G, Sinir, S, Yildiz, A, Kirbas, S Gurcan, Y (2004), 'Semantically enriched web services for the travel industry', SIGMOD Rec., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 21-7 Huggins, R Izushi, H (2002), 'The digital divide and ICT learning in rural communities: Examples of good practice service delivery', Local Economy, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 111-22 Piccoli, G, (2004), 'Making IT matter: a manager's guide to creating and sustaining competitive advantage with information systems', CHR Reports, Cornell University School of Hotel Administration, Viewed 3 April, 2005, Zipf, A (2002), 'Adaptive context-aware mobility support for tourists', IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 57-9 Baker, D.A. and Crompton, J.L. (2000), Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), pp. 785- 804 Kandampully, J. and Duddy, R. (2009) Competitive Advantage Through Anticipation, Innovation and Relationships, Management Decision, Vol. 37 Issue 1, pp.189-199

Influence of Japanese culture in Hawaii

Childhood emotion

Childhood emotion Emotions are cognitive traits, which involve complex  psycho-physiological  experience of an individual; emotions define human feelings, attitude, behaviors, and perception. Emotions are shaped by biochemical  (internal/hereditary) and  environmental  (external/socialization) factors. A child’s emotions are believed to be shaped right from conception; the child has some hereditary traits from the parents and goes ahead after birth (Robertson 12-34). This paper explains the meaning of emotion and how it can be demonstrated in children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood emotion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition of emotions Emotion is a cognitive attribute which is the product of hereditary and socialization traits; when a child is conceived, there are some traits that he or she gets from the parents; they are emotional factors that can be seen in the child, emotions can be seen in con scious experience, physiological arousal as well as expressive  behaviors. At birth a child, have some traits that he inherits from the parents; every family have some factors that are deep in their system and they have little they can do to them. A child from such a family is likely to have the same traits; for example, there are families that are emotional and cry fast while come families hardly cry. After being exposed to the external environment; there are some emotional attachments that the child gets, it changes the emotions and shapes them accordingly. How are emotions demonstrated in the lives of young children? Children emotions are seen in their   mood,  personality  and disposition, temperament,   as well as   motivation; for example, there are children who when they are crying they only need an adult to hold them and comfort, them, in such children, their emotion are connected with the society and they feel secure with the people. Alternatively, some children when crying, they can only be comforted by their parents or caretakers; they are emotionally attached to the parents or the caretaker; as the child breast-feed and grows to prenatal stage, skin contact with the mother and this creates a repo and emotional attachments. At this stage the child gets emotionally attached to people around him and wants to spend time with them; father is encouraged to ensure that at early ages they have skin contacts to develop emotional attachments with their children. Psychologists recommend that father should hold their children with a bare chest so as they can create needed attachment. The attachment to parents has been portrayed in an experiment with a crying child; when a child who is emotionally attached to their parents is crying without the presence of the parents. then when such a child is lapped with a cloth that has been won and not washed by the parent; the child will be comforted by the scent of the parent and relaxes.Advertising Lo oking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The emotional attachment developed determines the â€Å"role model† or the person whom the child will follow for guidance and whom the child will consider right. With the emotional attachment, the child is likely to take up behavior of the person whom he is emotionally connected. For example, id the child is attached to the mother, he is likely to have repellence behavior to the father at young age and probably the same will follow the child to adulthood. For morally upright child both parents should ensure they create emotional attachment to their children (Fabes 74) Conclusion A Child’s emotions can be seen in his/her personality, attitude, behaviors and perception; it is a cognitive attribute which is the product of hereditary and socialization factors. Fabes, Richard. Emotions and the Family. New York: Routledge, 2003. Robertson, Donald.  The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy. London: Karnac, 2010. Print.

How Wild Was the West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Wild Was the West - Essay Example The land that these people lived upon also caused a dilemma as they mainly thrived upon agriculture, and these harsh soil conditions, in actual fact, didn’t quite suit their crops. Throughout these times, the state government was still beginning to establish solid grounds upon the hierarchy of its systematic beliefs. During the early periods, these inhabitants resided in unorganized sections of homelands situated in any way in which they wanted. This is considerably factual in the aspect that when white men began to settle in America during these early times, there were no towns at all. These towns in the early settlings of the west obtained a very meager reputation. This is essentially due to the fact that they engrossed many variables of society. These types of citizens included criminals, robbers, thieves and gunslingers. Taking this into consideration, families were tempted away from these areas, making them seem even more desolate. These however, weren’t the only problems facing the new settlers. Others included tribulations such as facilities and education. The towns were rushed, unplanned and lacked many of the essential requirements that a newly established town must have in order to prosper and to suit the needs of its people. Education is these areas were also poor as the need for teachers increased as the amount of children requiring education did too. Health and hospitalization was also a grave difficulty when sometimes it seemed that the populations became sick, or caught the wrong diseases, and no apparent reason could be found. All of the problems facing these people were mainly due to the fact that they simply had to start from the very core of their society. When they established their grounds upon which they lived, they merely had nothing but hard, dusty earth which of course took them time to develop the necessary means in which to prosper. Other problems included the lack of resources such as banks, buildings and stores. This is particularly factual when combined with other troubles such as cattle rustling, horse stealing (for which the punishment was hanging), and claim jumping. All of these problems and many more, meant that towns had to simply fend for themselves in times of trouble. Conditions during this era also caused problems when they meant that other means were needed to support their livelihood. This is where the unnecessary problems such as crime and hostility took place. Combined with this, gender imbalance meaning the lack of women in the area, meant a lack of community respect and ordered women into violence, caused racism problems and most notably, economic intolerance upon its entire people. Poverty was also another beneficiary of these troubles as it seemed to be inclined upon producing other troubles such as lack of supplies, bad people and depressive social tensions. Why were these towns so violent and lawless Difficulties and negative circumstances seemed to make the towns in the west become intolerable to live in. Some of the main causes of these problems included drunkenness, in which men would become bored, frustrated and fight upon each other. Together with these people included minorities, who found it hard to live in these distrustful conditions and were often the victims of racism and violence because of their religious practices and beliefs. For example, the Mormons practiced polygamy, and had more than one wife which disconcerted the rest of the majority of the population, which eventually led to this group leaving their community. The legal system incorporated in this time upon these areas also shaped an uncompromised

He Reflective Commentary (Dissertation) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

He Reflective Commentary (Dissertation) - Essay Example 24). In addition were the visits to various eco-tourist destinations which are rather fragile in nature. Thus, the subject gave a lot of knowledge about the various theoretical and practical aspects of sustainable tourism development. Admittedly, I had never considered sustainable tourism as a concept that deserves appreciation. For me, it was more like the claims of the die-hard environmentalists, which are impractical in nature. So, I liked to consider sustainable tourism as a mere concept in its initial stage, which one in the tourism industry should bear in mind. This was so because from my personal experience, I had found that sustainable tourism is a word that was used by tour operators to attract the eco-friendly tourists and to reduce the investment in infrastructure; and the element of sustainability was seen only in green pamphlets and brochures. Thus, for me, sustainable tourism was rather a shallow concept that does not deserve much attention. So, when I started studying Sustainable Tourism, I wanted to see what the subject really meant in the current tourism world and how effective it could be in practical tourism. However, as a part of the studies, I got a chance to know about the impact of tourism on environment. In addition, I learnt about the fragile nature of the places which usually become tourist destinations. ... y various agencies around the world to promote sustainable tourism and the way they reduce the environmental impact of tourism, I understood the fact that sustainable tourism has grown much deeper and stronger than I anticipated. Also, I made the realisation that the future of tourism is almost totally reliant on the amount of sustainability it manages to introduce. Also, the subject gave me valuable insights about the role of various stakeholders; ranging from tourists, governments, tour operators and local population in sustainable tourism. Another important revelation for me was the importance of reflection in the subject I study. As I undertook the task of reflective writing, I learnt how useful, and in fact necessary, it is to learn through reflection in a subject like tourism management. According to Dewey (1933, p. 45), reflection is the practice of thinking for an extended period by linking the later experiences to the earlier ones. It helps one to understand what new things are added, what is lost, what remains the same, and what are interrelated. Thus, reflection in sustainable tourism development helps one look into the concept from the perspectives of all stakeholders. In addition, it helps one to understand if the various methods of sustainable tourism are useful or not. Another benefit of the study was that it helped me realise the areas where legal and governmental supports are lacking. As the subject revealed, it becomes necessary for governments to introduce better and stronger legal frameworks which support sustainable tourism by placing legal barriers on various activities of mass tourism. In fact, the subject acted as an eye opener by making me understand the fact that only sustainable tourism can ensure the survival of such sensitive and highly

Pop Music in Film

Pop Music in Film Music in film is one of those immensely involved but hugely underrated products. It comfortably sits in film going consciously unnoticed while it stimulates our subconscious, flowing freely through the narrative, to aid the emotional impact without overly changing the course of the film An indicator on how we should react in a film Music in films began with traditional scores in the silent film era. The reason it was called silent is because the film itself was silent and the music was made externally of the film, which was principally the piano, to reflect the various moods and emotions of characters and events. In conjunction to this it also covered up the noise emitted from the projector as well as being needed, psychologically, to smooth over natural human fears of darkness and silence (Brown 1994:12). The growing popularity of film lead to changes in the music and musical arrangements and lead to scores being written down to the various cliched typical situations in film. During the 1920s developments in technology saw the capabilities of film and music being broadcast internally and saw the introduction of sound films. Changing relationships between music and cinema has seen the introduction of pop music into the spectrum. It is this relationship between pop music and film and the way they operate in conjunction with each other is what I am going to explore. Diegetic and none diegetic Diegetic relates to the diegesis of the film and the sound source can be observed on screen for example, a band playing or the character listening to the radio. Non-diegetic appears outside of the film world and is used as background music, mood altering music or subconsciously adds to the suspense of the film until the use of sound started to appear in films the majority of music was none diegetic but the introduction of sound synced films added to realism of the film and gave diegetic music a sense of place in films Diegetic and none diegetic Diegesis refers to the fictional, imagined world of film, adverse to this non-diegesis refers to the objective world of the Film is represented by a series of events combined with dialogue, which is aided by actors. Financial and technical interests are taken into account and are concentrated on the actor, to not let anything overshadow the main character/s. The musical scripts are usually indefinite, thus music not being treated in the same way and potentially an outsider. Almost indispensable despite music currently playing a major part in film to make use of the silent scenes, for example a scene where the character is waiting for someone, no dialogue will be used and the only sound we can hear will be diegetic noises of his surrounding. This is a prime example of the use of non-diegetic music. The character could be waiting for a partner (therefore romantic music will be played over the top). Without the use of music the scene would be more realistic (we dont hear music when we are waiting for a partner) but the scene would not captivate the viewer and potentially make the viewer lose interest. On the other hand the music appearing in such situations could also be perceived as naÃÆ' ¯ve or childish and thus further distracting the view from the main focus. This issue is usually resolved by the characters involvement with the music , by singing, whistling, humming or even turning on the radio and the music goes from a transition of diegetic to none diegetic. Mass production of films has lead to a series of over elaborated typical events such as emotional crises that are ever reoccurring and standard methods that are formulated to arouse suspense. These events are aided by music, however the viewer has been made familiar with these events so the emotional response on the viewer is not always as intended. For the viewer the whole thing is ambiguous. If the screen shows a peaceful country side but the music over the top is sinister the viewer will expect something terrible about to happen. Does this intensify or alleviate the suspense? music in cinema has been determined by the practice of everyday life. It is adapted for the increasing needs of the film industry and reflected in clichà ©s and musical ideas that were considered to be in fashion. Subsequently standards have become entrenched through the history of film music into and including the current use of popular music in film. These clichà ©s continue throughout film and have gone from the standard classical score being use to the popular score being used. With the excessive use of such clichà ©s the powerful effect intended is not achieved because the listener has been made aware of such events through overuse by Hollywood. In todays standards popular music is being used in conjunction with classical score to aid in more dramatical scenes, such as the film Notting Hill. Anna Scott (a famous actress played by Julia Roberts) is doing her final press conference before leaving the UK to fly back home after being turned down by a lowly book seller, William Thacker (played by Hugh Grant), whom she fell in love and had a brief fling with. William realises his ways and races to the press conference to win her back. After some initial investigative and almost comical questions from William, who is imitating a journalist to find out if Anna really does love him, Anna announces she would have liked to have been mo re than just friends with William. Anna Scotts on screen agent then asks Dominic (a reporter at the press conference played by Andy De La Tour) Anna, how long where you intending to stay in here in Britain?, after a long suspended pause from Anna, then a transition shot to William, the camera moves back to Anna, she smiles as the camera zooms in on her face. Anna replies indefinitely as the classic cover of She by Elvis Costello (originally by Charles Aznavour). This speaks volumes and makes the viewer relate and feel more involved in the scene through the music and lyrics of the song. Solely from the music there is a sense of love and romance, but also mystery through the lyrics as a name is not mentioned, which indicates the track could have a sense of purpose on any romantic film scene. Upon writing the track in the 1970s Charles Aznavour would not have intended the track to be used in such ways, but with the use of popular music in film becoming more apparent and the increase of the same clichà ©s in film needing to have a sense of place and impact, the use of songs with lyrics are ever increasing. 50s and beyond the soundtrack to our lives The majority of people live with songs in their lives from all kinds of genres, music is neither racial or gender specific. There is something seemingly powerful and inspiring about people being able to fuse music and words together in such a way that songs can be infectious. The music we listen to constantly evolves and songs come and go, but there are songs that make up a soundtrack to our lives and we place value in these songs and seek out permanent versions of them through downloads, CDs and vinyl. The 1950s saw a flourish of soundtracks from films not only as a marketing tool, but as a cromo effect in its own right. Films such as Pulp Fiction, Trainspotting and Waynes World all contain music that could be listened to solely as a source of enjoyment without ever needing to have seen the film, but because the majority of people who have seen the film will remember the songs, its a great reflection of the film or a desire to watch the film again. The industry did not solely target the soundtrack market. When a film is released you can purchase all sorts of novelty, replica or clothing items based on the film and/or the music involved. Since the 1950s a great unification has been seen between the film industry and major record labels, each with their own specific interests but mainly cross-promotion is their sole goal. This interlocking is nothing new, both the film and music industry use each other to sell, which has lead to Hollywood investing countless efforts into the music industry, which is produced economic benefits. Film companies earn millions from the sale of records mainly through theme songs. This is one of the most lucrative cross-promotional tools. Hollywood are using established multi-million selling bands to write or endorse their film by using a song they have written specifically for the film or a previously written song. Linkin park are a prime example of a pre-recorded song and a song written specifically for a film. Transformers 1 saw the use of the Linkin Park track What Ive Done featuring heavily on the film and almost becoming the pinnacle song for the film. This song unofficially became kno wn as The Transformers Song which was a boost for the film companies. As well as getting major airplay because it was the first single off Linkin Parks new album, it was also a 3 minute advertisement for the film. This sparked the film company to hire Linkin Park to write the theme tune to the Transformers sequel, Transformers; Revenge Of The Fallen. After already establishing a mutual appreciation Linkin park agreed, this could only ever be a win-win situation for both parties involved through advertisement alone. With two major names collaborating, either could be mentioned and people would immediately pay more attention to both tracks featured on the soundtracks which in turn became a source of circulating the films title further through imagery and retails displays. popular music and film has had a long standing diverse and exciting relationship. It can give the scene the justification it needs by creating a sense of time or place, established through a few chords and lyrics. Kermode states, More than any other art form, pop music is a disposable, transient product which reflects, mimics and occasionally shapes the zeitgeist, (Kermode 1995:9), but music can help inspire, carry and advertise film, so does music have a greater importance than what we are lead to believe? And can sometimes structure the film to become what it is. Martin Scorsese said that the pop riddled soundtrack to Mean Streets (1973) consists entirely of songs from his New York youth and Which for him still evoke the milieu he was attempting to portray (Kermode 1995:13. In effect without the pop/rock music of Scorseses youth Mean Streets would not be (as time out described) as one of the best American films of the decade,. Did Scorsese make the film it is, because of the music and his youth? Time out also state that it was one of the few to successfully integrate rock music into the structure of film (Timeout n.d.). American Graffiti (1973) is another prime example of pop-laden film and soundtrack and was the first film to capitalise on a pop soundtrack. Up until this point pop songs were only used to give the film a sense of time and place and to give it that modern edge but to no availability in the retail industry. The idea of a modern soundtrack was starting to gain nostalgia and the youth market started to buy into a physical lasting memory of the film via the soundtrack. During the 1980s the relationship between pop music and film became largely symbiotic from a marketing point of view. They were also using classic yesteryear hits to revamp careers and provide titles to films (Stand by me (1986), pretty woman (1990). The marketing of pop songs became very omnipresent which had a profound effect on the market. Artists were beginning to use it to broaden their careers. Film Music the cross over from classical to popular score Without classical Hollywood the pop score used in films today would arguably have no meaning and could be just a random selection of current tracks to reflect the relative trend and used solely as a selling point, however as music in film has evolved so has the use and the function of music in film. American composer Aaron Copeland offers an insight to function of music in film from his perspective and suggest five general areas in which music in film serves its purpose: (I) It conveys a convincing atmosphere of time and place. (II) It underlines underlines the unspoken feeling or psychological states of characters. (III) It serves as a kind of neutral background filler to the action. (IV) It gives sense of continuity to the editing. (V) It accentuates the theatrical build up of a scene and rounds it off with a feeling of finality. (Smith 1998:6) As research by Lauren Anderson (referring to a case study of the British film Sliding Doors 1998 and the New Zealand film Topless women talk about their lives (1997) she concludes pop and rock music does not prohibit the compilation score from successfully fulfilling the functions of classical film score (Anderson:2003 115 (popular music and film book)). This is done in a slightly different way to traditional score as we have other elements to think about. These include: (I) The lyrics (II) The Songs structural independence (III) The wealth of extra-textual meaning The lyrics are the primary focus in these three elements and hold a great understanding of them over classical score, for example we can decipher basic terms, love, hate, happy, sad in both forms of score (aided by the visual elements of film), but only lyrics can convey those meanings on a deeper level Anderson notes (referring to Sliding doors): the songs words frequently reflect Helens thoughts of aspects of her character (Anderson 2003:112). Classical score, although deeply complex and varying, cannot portray such events in a manner than the average viewer would understand. Lyrics also have links to the other two elements but lyrics contribute dominantly to the songs structural independence: smith (1995:348) and Rick Altman (1999) both insist that popular music exhibits greater independence than classical music, in relation to the film as a whole (Anderson 2003:112). The popular score does have drawbacks. One of the drawbacks is that the pop score is not written specifically for the segment of film it features it therefore it is unlikely that its rhythm and its infliction will exactly match the action (Anderson 2003:113) whereas the classical score can be in direct synchronisation and contain unity through musical themes and or leitmotifs. The music chosen can also distract the viewer from the initial response the director is trying to achieve. Hilary Lapedis notes Pop songs in films use pops own emotional conventions and, in so doing, so place those films in a much wider context of popular culture than would be the case with traditional score (Lapedis1999:370) Lapedis points out that music although part of film, it is because they are popular and because the songs trigger familiarity to the members of the audience, by definition they trigger a set of different responses, different to those of the traditional score; Pop music, while having existence separate from the visual system, nevertheless posses its own confided meanings and associations (Lapedis1999: 370) Many others have this theory and have pointed out problems within the pop score. Karthryn Kalinak notes that pop music ignores the fundamentals of film (of which earlier discussed) and that pop music commits the cardinal sin of film scoring it failed to support the story and mood because it was the story and mood, (Kalinak 1992:186-7). Many of the songs chosen were originally pre-recorded and then later chosen for films and not written for the film which can potentially carry emotional baggage for the viewer as Jess smith notes not only was this potentially distracting but these associations might also clash with those established by the narrative (Smith 1998: 164). The other element frequently observed in pop score is extra-textual meanings. Behind each popular song is a sense of socio-historical meaning as well as fulfilling the functions of classical score. This is a two-tiered system which was developed by Noel Caroll, such system a system exists when one device (such as a popular song) can be read on two different levels, according to how much the viewer knows about that device and its associations (Anderson 2003:114). Such method was embraced by directors to give the film hidden depth and meaning to those who were informed as they recognise such things as lyrics, title and or performer and apply the knowledge to the context of the visual. The uninformed viewers however will not be able to access this meaning as they interpret the music as is, thus still being entertained and not distracted by the music itself. ___________________________________________________________________________ These functions can be carried over to pop music in film, as demonstrated in the case study of the film Goodfellas (1990) to which Martin Scorsese uses a soundtrack compiled entirely of pre recorded popular music. H (quote from popping the question). Martin Scorsese explores the thirty year span on the Italian-American mafia, from the adaptation of Nicolas Peleggis best seller Wiseguy , through his film Goodfellas. Martin Scorsese enjoys the use of popular and classical score throughout his films, he appreciated the messages and dynamics of both scores. He is one of the few directors (other being Quentin Tarrentino, William Wellman) who embrace popular music and use it to its full potential popular music has the potential to give movies a forceful, dynamic edge. It doesnt have to serve simply as mood music or be an unimaginative device for establishing a time period. (Scorsese 1995:1). More noticeable the film that has inspired many others has been Goodfellas. The score to the film consist of 40 popular songs, which span the thirty years of the time period of the plot as quoted Scorsese, does not use these songs solely for the purpose of time. The songs also reflect character growth, mood and they are placed intricately into the narrative to provide the informed viewer extra depth, but they also stimulate the un-informed viewer mainly through the range of songs. In some cases the songs act in the way similar to that of classical score, with using synchronisation. The music which chronicles the life of Henry Hill (Ray Liotta) is an eclecti mix of songs from different genres ranging from Jazz to classical rock n roll. The opening credits begins with Tony Bennett singing the song Rags to Riches, as Henry Hill starts the voice-over narration of his life. This is one of the more noticeable uses of depth to the film using popular score. Henry Hill grew up in a poor working class area of New York and had a longing to be part of the organised crime syndicate As far back as I can remember I always wanted to be a gangster (Goodfellas:1990). The title is a great depiction and insight to the story ahead as the scene changes from Henry Hills family and home life to the Mob life across the road, with close up shots of shoes, suits and jewellery. The lyrics to the song hold an even deeper meaning, with expressions of love and romance But in my heart id be king, your love is all that matteres and hold me kiss me tell me that youre mine (Tony Bennett 1953), which is a core theme throughout the film (http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/72996/mean_streets.html Conclisuon popular music has enjoyed a ever evolving and intimate relationship with cinema. from the 1950s onwards, producers and directors have developed textual strategies for representing and incorporating popular music and its performers in the visual regime (popular music in screen page 222) Popular music on cinema lies closely related to music on all other commercial platforms, such as television and video, in turn these have aided the social consumption of technologies, which are tied closely to such platforms. With great advances in technology advertisers are boasting the cinema experience in your own home, with the advances in LCD/plasma screen technology, surround sound (2.1 all the way up to 7.1) and most recently blu-ray